Ecosystem health indicators - freshwater environments

Freshwater environments around the globe are under threat from increasing anthropogenic stress, including nutrient enrichment, urbanization, industrial waste, deforestation, water abstraction, flood prevention engineering, sedimentation, dam construction, climate change and invasive species. If freshwater ecosystem health is to be safeguarded, then measuring and monitoring change will be critical for effective management. Ecosystem health is the maintenance of structure and function in the face of external stress, this includes both biotic and abiotic components. This chapter summarizes the main groups of indicators commonly used to assess ecosystem health.

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Encyclopedia of Ecology

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978-0-444-64130-4

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