Immunological responses to envenomation
Journal Contribution ResearchOnline@JCUAbstract
Venoms are complex mixtures of toxic compounds delivered by bite or sting. In humans, the consequences of envenomation range from self-limiting to lethal. Critical host defence against envenomation comprises innate and adaptive immune strategies targeted towards venom detection, neutralisation, detoxification, and symptom resolution. In some instances, venoms mediate immune dysregulation that contributes to symptom severity. This review details the involvement of immune cell subtypes and mediators, particularly of the dermis, in host resistance and venom-induced immunopathology. We further discuss established venom-associated immunopathology, including allergy and systemic inflammation, and investigate Irukandji syndrome as a potential systemic inflammatory response. Finally, this review characterises venom-derived compounds as a source of immune modulating drugs for treatment of disease.
Journal
Frontiers in Immunology
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Volume
12
ISBN/ISSN
1664-3224
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Pages Count
20
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Publisher
Frontiers Research Foundation
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Publisher Location
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Publish Date
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Date
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EISSN
N/A
DOI
10.3389/fimmu.2021.661082